100 GIs in India

The registration of Geographical Indications has reached to 100 in the last 4 four years .  An interesting dimension observed in GI registration is that a number of government agencies specially state governments have not only started the facilitation of GI work in their respective states but also started owning some GIs on behalf of local Communities. One of the first states to play a proactive role in GIs was Himachal Pradesh. Similarly, Karanataka and WestBengal have also filed a number of GI cases.

Recently,  GOI has given mandate to APEDA to work on filling of GI for basmati rice. 

The Genesis of GI Act rest on the fact that the owner of the GI should ensure benefits of GI registration should go the producers of the product. With the rise of third party ownership of GI registration there is strong possibility that such benefits will dilute or may not accrue to the producers.

The  best model to own GI is the producers themselves. The most appropriate example of this is Darjeeling TEA, where the TEA board, which is a producers organisation, own the Darjeeling TEA GI. Needless to say that after GI TEA producers have been jointly benefited.

With 100 GIs another undesired development observed  is mad rush for GI registration. There are different kinds of arguments like in one the cases in Karnataka a particular type of banana is registered to revive its production.

It seems that there is need for more sensitisation on the significance of GI in three different contexts. Regional Context- where GI can become one of the tools to empower local economy secondly,  at the national level where  through GI  misuse of potential market may be avoided third at international level where GI  may help in better respect for our products in international markets.

The issues such as quality control, good supply chain management and traceability of GI products require special attentions by the owners of GI.

The use of Information Communication Technology specially use of web in popularising of GI products, list of producers and unique qualities may be very useful.

  

THE EXPERIENCE SHARING OF CLUSTER RELATED DEVELOPMENTS

Cluster Development Policy initiatives are increasing in number in both developed and developing countries. In the next six months two important events happening to share such experiences.
The conference on 22nd and 23rd September in Berlin presents latest achievements and new initiatives of cluster development in European countries . The focus will be on know-how on the current development of European cluster initiatives and efficient cluster management. International experts will show solutions for national and regional authorities. Representatives of cluster initiatives share their experience on management tools, transnational clusters, national programmes and the role of national authorities in regional development policies. As a communication platform this conference brings together actors of cluster management from public institutions in charge of innovation and regional development policy, research institutes, universities and the private sector

The conference brouchure is available at : http://www.europaeische-akademie.net/fileadmin/user_upload/dateien/seminare/Brochure_Cluster-Policy_PR.pdf

The second event will take place at Cape Town, South Africa. The theme of the conference is CLUSTERS: Meeting the Challenge of Globalization. The conference will during its three days programme 29-31 october will cover the following main areas:
Clear methodologies around managing cluster programmes
1. Shifting the frontiers regarding the measurement and impact of cluster initiatives
2. Fine tuning the practical tools to be applied by cluster practitioners
3. Identification of the challenges and opportunities in running cluster initiatives and programmes
More information on conference is available at :
http://www.sbs.co.za/tci2008/

Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure in Industrial Clusters

To integrate into global economy is one of the biggest challenges for MSMEs. Due to limited financial capabilities there are challenges to invest in technology which is necessary for such integration. Recently, during the discussion with one of the buying houses the doubts were raised on the logistic readiness of MSMEs to match with international retail chains. What should we do for this? Internationally Technology Centers are playing an important role to support small and medium enterprises by providing state of art ICT support. Recently, Microsoft under project Vikas has set up India’s first E-readiness centre to facilitate extensive application of ICT in Tirupur Knitwear Cluster in India. It will help more than 5000 textile units to get access to latest useful IT applications, an interesting read in todays’ THE HINDU at http://www.thehindu.com/2008/06/06/stories/2008060657360100.htm

Cluster Development Strategy

MSMEs to become Globally Competitive it requires a strategy over and above the normal production function. Michael E. Porter is arguably the best known name in the world for competitive strategy. Is it possible to use his strategy for the competitiveness of MSMEs? Porter in his work on Competitive advantage of Nations in 1998 observed that the 18th century work of Adam Smith and David Ricardo on factor comparative advantage cannot provide explanations for most of the trade that takes place today. The diamond model proposes four interrelated facets, each of which representing a determinant of regional advantage: (1) firm strategy, structure and rivalry; (2) demand conditions; (3) factor conditions; and (4) related and supporting industries. “Chance” and the “government” are two factors that influence these four determinants, but are not determinants themselves. Together these six factors form a system that differs from location to location, thus explaining why some firms (or industries) succeed in a particular location. Not all six factors need to be optimal for firms or industries to be successful.

However it is argued that Porter’s model is more effective in developed countries rather than in developing countries. There are some alternative strategies explaining the competitiveness of MSMEs in current global scenario. These are Collective efficiency by Schmitz (1995) and flexible specialization by Piore and Sabel (1984)

This week The Times of India covered a very interesting interview on M porter’s views on Strategy http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Business/Strategy_is_about_competitive_advantage/articleshow/3054691.cms
Also very interesting read for two alternate theories at http://www.ifama.org/tamu/iama/conferences/2001Conference/Papers/Area%20VI/Neven_David.PDF

Cluster Development Programmes and BDS Development Programmes in India

Currently, there are several approach prevalent to address the issue of local economic development especially in Industrial clusters. The most talked internationally are Cluster Development (CD) Approach and creation of Business Development Services (BDS). In one the recent workshops I attended the issues surfaced was whether these two approaches are complementary or mutually exclusive. According to UNIDO (http://www.unido.org/userfiles/RussoF/Hanoi.pdf) CD approach is based on the hypothesis that clusters
1. Give rise to external economies (e.g. specialized suppliers of raw materials, components and machinery; sector specific skills etc.);
2. favour the emergence of specialized technical, administrative and financial services; and
3. create a conducive ground for the development of inter-firm cooperation and specialization as well as of cooperation among public and private local institutions to promote local production, innovation and collective learning.\

On the other hand BDS approach primarily concentrate on the creation of BDS market for BDS services. As a part of classical cluster development approach we primarily concentrate on three macro issues external economies, market for BDS services and different types of cooperation with in the cluster.

The next logical inference is that BDS is sub set of CD approach and there is no need for BDS focused programmes. Any CD approach will automatically take care about BDS services in industrial clusters.

If we get little deeper in to CD approach implementation focus is on BDS interventions as a result of structural adjustment happening in the overall economic scenario. The audience for such services are firms rather than BDS ………..it is important to stress that UNIDO has tried to avoid, to the extent possible, the subsidization of BDS costs out of the conviction that the various cluster actors will not fail to perceive the economic viability of commercial BDS provision if they have been sufficiently sensitized to the value of such services. When subsidies were provided, they were aimed at start-ups providing innovative BDS (e.g. access to new technology cum training, quality management). On the contrary, significantly less support was available for BDS strengthening the commercial capacities of the SSEs or, more generally, to initiatives with an immediate impact upon the profitability of the latter (e.g. participation in fairs, product design). ….

Under CDP the focus remained on firms rather than BDS.

Accordingly, BDS focused programmes are necessary for the creation of a proper BDS market among MSMEs in India. The two methodologies CD approach and BDS are differ on account of timeline, focus, market orientation and to some extent on methodology.

CLUSTER DYNAMICS AND INNOVATION IN SMEs: THE ROLE OF CULTURE

When we talk of clusters in Indian context, it is very difficult to avoid Tirupur cluster reference. In all cluster related conversations Tirupur is assumed as an exception for any kind of success story. Why Tirupur is assumed to be sure success for joint actions for common benefits? There are many reasons which I have experienced in the last 10 years. One of the most important one is the culture of Tirupur. The experience of Tirupur shows that strength of a local economic system, and its capacity to grow and to innovate, are closely related to the pattern of knowledge (thus cultural) stratification, to the territory itself and to learning capacity. When we gave them a presentation on the the growing need of Tirupur SME to integrate better in globally economy, Tirupur Exporters Association instantly agreed to have their common own ICT infrastructure ( E-Readiness centre ) . This shows their cultural capacity to collectively acknowledge that ICT is an important global integration tool, thus TEA play a key role when considering the dynamics of innovation process and growth opportunities for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).

Tirupur hosiery cluster in India is a live example of this. There are several factors visible in the behaviour of TEA , such as the cohesion of stakeholders for the creation of innovation, the development of new institutions in the cluster.

To know more about role of culture in cluster dynamics and innovations there is a very interesting reading CLUSTER DYNAMICS AND INNOVATION IN SMEs: THE ROLE OF CULTURE by Callegati Enrico e Silvia Grandi available on line at
http://www.eblacenter.unito.it/WP/2005/3_WP_Ebla.pdf

Understanding Indian Clusters

Understanding of industrial clusters in Indian context especially by Indian authors can be counted on fingers. A systematic work to my knowledge started by SIDBI and SBI in late 80s. The nineties saw a sudden spurt in cluster related activities and focus on cluster related work mainly by international agencies and authors. In the last five years a lot of consolidation happened in terms of understanding of industrial cluster issues in India.

One the works done is Development of Industrial Cluster ( 2005) by Sudesh Kumar.
The paper gives an interesting insight into some of the work done by UNIDO under Cluster Development programme in India. The complete text of the book may be accessed at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/171/1/MPRA_paper_171.pdf